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The great wall is the most 7wonders of all the world


The Chinese were already familiar with the techniques of wall-building by the time of the Spring and Autumn Period, which began around the 8th century BC. During the Warring States Period from the 5th century BC to 221 BC, the states of Qi, Yan and Zhao all constructed extensive fortifications to defend their own borders. Built to withstand the attack of small arms such as swords and spears, these walls were made mostly by stamping earth and gravel between board frames. Qin Shi Huang conquered all opposing states and unified China in 221 BC, establishing the Qin Dynasty. Intending to impose centralized rule and prevent the resurgence of feudal lords, he ordered the destruction of the wall sections that divided his empire along the former state borders. To protect the empire against intrusions by the Xiongnu people from the north, he ordered the building of a new wall to connect the remaining fortifications along the empire's new northern frontier. Transporting the large quantity of materials required for construction was difficult, so builders always tried to use local resources. Stones from the mountains were used over mountain ranges, while rammed earth was used for construction in the plains. There are no surviving historical records indicating the exact length and course of the Qin Dynasty walls. Most of the ancient walls have eroded away over the centuries, and very few sections remain today. Later, the Han, Sui, Northern and Jin dynasties all repaired, rebuilt, or expanded sections of the Great Wall at great cost to defend themselves against northern invaders.

The Great Wall concept was revived again during the Ming Dynasty following the Ming army's defeat by the Oirats in the Battle of Tumu in 1449. The Ming had failed to gain a clear upper-hand over the Manchurian and Mongolian tribes after successive battles, and the long-drawn conflict was taking a toll on the empire. The Ming adopted a new strategy to keep the nomadic tribes out by constructing walls along the northern border of China. Acknowledging the Mongol control established in the Ordos Desert, the wall followed the desert's southern edge instead of incorporating the bend of the Huang He.
Photograph of the Great Wall in 1907

It is excellent pictures of great wall china


The Chinese were already familiar with the techniques of wall-building by the time of the Spring and Autumn Period, which began around the 8th century BC. During the Warring States Period from the 5th century BC to 221 BC, the states of Qi, Yan and Zhao all constructed extensive fortifications to defend their own borders. Built to withstand the attack of small arms such as swords and spears, these walls were made mostly by stamping earth and gravel between board frames. Qin Shi Huang conquered all opposing states and unified China in 221 BC, establishing the Qin Dynasty. Intending to impose centralized rule and prevent the resurgence of feudal lords, he ordered the destruction of the wall sections that divided his empire along the former state borders. To protect the empire against intrusions by the Xiongnu people from the north, he ordered the building of a new wall to connect the remaining fortifications along the empire's new northern frontier. Transporting the large quantity of materials required for construction was difficult, so builders always tried to use local resources. Stones from the mountains were used over mountain ranges, while rammed earth was used for construction in the plains. There are no surviving historical records indicating the exact length and course of the Qin Dynasty walls. Most of the ancient walls have eroded away over the centuries, and very few sections remain today. Later, the Han, Sui, Northern and Jin dynasties all repaired, rebuilt, or expanded sections of the Great Wall at great cost to defend themselves against northern invaders.
The Great Wall concept was revived again during the Ming Dynasty following the Ming army's defeat by the Oirats in the Battle of Tumu in 1449. The Ming had failed to gain a clear upper-hand over the Manchurian and Mongolian tribes after successive battles, and the long-drawn conflict was taking a toll on the empire. The Ming adopted a new strategy to keep the nomadic tribes out by constructing walls along the northern border of China. Acknowledging the Mongol control established in the Ordos Desert, the wall followed the desert's southern edge instead of incorporating the bend of the Huang He.
Photograph of the Great Wall in 1907
Unlike the earlier Qin fortifications, the Ming construction was stronger and more elaborate due to the use of bricks and stone instead of rammed earth. As Mongol raids continued periodically over the years, the Ming devoted considerable resources to repair and reinforce the walls. Sections near the Ming capital of Beijing were especially strong.[citation needed]
During the 1440s–1460s, the Ming also built a so-called "Liaodong Wall". Similar in function to the Great Wall (whose extension, in a sense, it was), but more basic in construction, the Liaodong Wall enclosed the agricultural heartland of the Liaodong province, protecting it against potential incursions by Jurched-Mongol Oriyanghan from the northwest and the Jianzhou Jurchens from the north. While stones and tiles were used in some parts of the Liaodong Wall, most of it was in fact simply an earth dike with moats on both sides.[5]
Towards the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Great Wall helped defend the empire against the Manchu invasions that began around 1600. Under the military command of Yuan Chonghuan, the Ming army held off the Manchus at the heavily fortified Shanhaiguan pass, preventing the Manchus from entering the Chinese heartland. The Manchus were finally able to cross the Great Wall in 1644, when the gates at Shanhaiguan were opened by Wu Sangui, a Ming border general who disliked the activities of rulers of the Shun Dynasty. The Manchus quickly seized Beijing, and defeated the newly founded Shun Dynasty and remaining Ming resistance, to establish the Qing Dynasty.
In 2009, an additional 290 kilometres (180 miles) of previously undetected portions of the wall, built during the Ming Dynasty, were discovered. The newly discovered sections range from the Hushan mountains in the northern Liaoning province to Jiayuguan in western Gansu province. The sections had been submerged over time by sandstorms that moved across the arid region.[6]
Under Qing rule, China's borders extended beyond the walls and Mongolia was annexed into the empire, so construction and repairs on the Great Wall were discontinued.

The great wall is the excellent pictures of all the world


During the 1440s–1460s, the Ming also built a so-called "Liaodong Wall". Similar in function to the Great Wall (whose extension, in a sense, it was), but more basic in construction, the Liaodong Wall enclosed the agricultural heartland of the Liaodong province, protecting it against potential incursions by Jurched-Mongol Oriyanghan from the northwest and the Jianzhou Jurchens from the north. While stones and tiles were used in some parts of the Liaodong Wall, most of it was in fact simply an earth dike with moats on both sides.[5]

Towards the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Great Wall helped defend the empire against the Manchu invasions that began around 1600. Under the military command of Yuan Chonghuan, the Ming army held off the Manchus at the heavily fortified Shanhaiguan pass, preventing the Manchus from entering the Chinese heartland.

The great wall is the marvelous of all the world


Unlike the earlier Qin fortifications, the Ming construction was stronger and more elaborate due to the use of bricks and stone instead of rammed earth. As Mongol raids continued periodically over the years, the Ming devoted considerable resources to repair and reinforce the walls. Sections near the Ming capital of Beijing were especially strong.

It is the largest wall of all the world


The Great Wall concept was revived again during the Ming Dynasty following the Ming army's defeat by the Oirats in the Battle of Tumu in 1449. The Ming had failed to gain a clear upper-hand over the Manchurian and Mongolian tribes after successive battles, and the long-drawn conflict was taking a toll on the empire. The Ming adopted a new strategy to keep the nomadic tribes out by constructing walls along the northern border of China. Acknowledging the Mongol control established in the Ordos Desert, the wall followed the desert's southern edge instead of incorporating the bend of the Huang He.
Photograph of the Great Wall in 1907

Great wall of china


The Chinese were already familiar with the techniques of wall-building by the time of the Spring and Autumn Period, which began around the 8th century BC. During the Warring States Period from the 5th century BC to 221 BC, the states of Qi, Yan and Zhao all constructed extensive fortifications to defend their own borders. Built to withstand the attack of small arms such as swords and spears, these walls were made mostly by stamping earth and gravel between board frames. Qin Shi Huang conquered all opposing states and unified China in 221 BC, establishing the Qin Dynasty. Intending to impose centralized rule and prevent the resurgence of feudal lords, he ordered the destruction of the wall sections that divided his empire along the former state borders. To protect the empire against intrusions by the Xiongnu people from the north, he ordered the building of a new wall to connect the remaining fortifications along the empire's new northern frontier. Transporting the large quantity of materials required for construction was difficult, so builders always tried to use local resources. Stones from the mountains were used over mountain ranges, while rammed earth was used for construction in the plains. There are no surviving historical records indicating the exact length and course of the Qin Dynasty walls. Most of the ancient walls have eroded away over the centuries, and very few sections remain today. Later, the Han, Sui, Northern and Jin dynasties all repaired, rebuilt, or expanded sections of the Great Wall at great cost to defend themselves against northern invaders.

Beautiful, Excellent, Wonderful, Marvelous pictures


The French Studies program offers students a thorough training in the language and culture of the more than 150 million people who live in France and the more than 40 other Francophone areas of the world. In the process, students become aware of vital and influential traditions in Francophone literature and the arts, and they learn to use the only other language in the world besides English that can claim world-wide importance for international diplomacy and politics, science, technology, medicine, and business.

The South Dakota Regental Program in French Studies recognizes the need to provide today's students with a much broader education in French than that afforded by traditional programs that focus primarily on the language and literature. As a consequence, the French Studies program offers courses in French Film, Francophone Culture, and Business French as well as in translation and literature. For the same reason, French Studies includes in its scope the French-speaking world as a whole. Although it emphasizes France, the program also provides an introduction to the other French-speaking countries of Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania, and North and South America. As such, the French Studies program offers graduates a wide variety of educational and employment possibilities. It prepares them for careers in government service, in print and electronic journalism, and in language-related professions such as translating and interpreting. It also enables them to enter the teaching profession and to pursue advanced study in French at the masters and doctoral levels. With supplemental work in areas such as political science, law, or management, graduates of the program could embark on careers in international affairs, law, and business.

Marvelous lighiting of Eifel tower


In the process, students become aware of vital and influential traditions in Francophone literature and the arts, and they learn to use the only other language in the world besides English that can claim world-wide importance for international diplomacy and politics, science, technology, medicine, and business.

France culture


With supplemental work in areas such as political science, law, or management, graduates of the program could embark on careers in international affairs, law, and business.

Evening scenery of eifel tower


The French Studies program offers students a thorough training in the language and culture of the more than 150 million people who live in France and the more than 40 other Francophone areas of the world. In the process, students become aware of vital and influential traditions in Francophone literature and the arts, and they learn to use the only other language in the world besides English that can claim world-wide importance for international diplomacy and politics, science, technology, medicine, and business.

The South Dakota Regental Program in French Studies recognizes the need to provide today's students with a much broader education in French than that afforded by traditional programs that focus primarily on the language and literature. As a consequence, the French Studies program offers courses in French Film, Francophone Culture, and Business French as well as in translation and literature. For the same reason, French Studies includes in its scope the French-speaking world as a whole. Although it emphasizes France, the program also provides an introduction to the other French-speaking countries of Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania, and North and South America. As such, the French Studies program offers graduates a wide variety of educational and employment possibilities. It prepares them for careers in government service, in print and electronic journalism, and in language-related professions such as translating and interpreting. It also enables them to enter the teaching profession and to pursue advanced study in French at the masters and doctoral levels. With supplemental work in areas such as political science, law, or management, graduates of the program could embark on careers in international affairs, law, and business.

France civilazation


The French Studies program offers students a thorough training in the language and culture of the more than 150 million people who live in France and the more than 40 other Francophone areas of the world. In the process, students become aware of vital and influential traditions in Francophone literature and the arts, and they learn to use the only other language in the world besides English that can claim world-wide importance for international diplomacy and politics, science, technology, medicine, and business.

The South Dakota Regental Program in French Studies recognizes the need to provide today's students with a much broader education in French than that afforded by traditional programs that focus primarily on the language and literature.

Eifel tower is the biggest tower of all the world


As a consequence, the French Studies program offers courses in French Film, Francophone Culture, and Business French as well as in translation and literature. For the same reason, French Studies includes in its scope the French-speaking world as a whole. Although it emphasizes France, the program also provides an introduction to the other French-speaking countries of Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania, and North and South America. As such, the French Studies program offers graduates a wide variety of educational and employment possibilities. It prepares them for careers in government service, in print and electronic journalism, and in language-related professions such as translating and interpreting. It also enables them to enter the teaching profession and to pursue advanced study in French at the masters and doctoral levels. With supplemental work in areas such as political science, law, or management, graduates of the program could embark on careers in international affairs, law, and business.

Excellent scenery of Eifel tower


As a consequence, the French Studies program offers courses in French Film, Francophone Culture, and Business French as well as in translation and literature. For the same reason, French Studies includes in its scope the French-speaking world as a whole. Although it emphasizes France, the program also provides an introduction to the other French-speaking countries of Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania, and North and South America. As such, the French Studies program offers graduates a wide variety of educational and employment possibilities. It prepares them for careers in government service, in print and electronic journalism, and in language-related professions such as translating and interpreting. It also enables them to enter the teaching profession and to pursue advanced study

Eifel tower at night scenery


The South Dakota Regental Program in French Studies recognizes the need to provide today's students with a much broader education in French than that afforded by traditional programs that focus primarily on the language and literature.

Eifel tower in France


The French Studies program offers students a thorough training in the language and culture of the more than 150 million people who live in France and the more than 40 other Francophone areas of the world. In the process, students become aware of vital and influential traditions in Francophone literature and the arts, and they learn to use the only other language in the world besides English that can claim world-wide importance for international diplomacy and politics, science, technology, medicine, and business.

The chichen itza is the most 7wonders of all the world



The famous Mayan pyramids of Chichen-Itza are over 1500 years old and are located only 75 miles from Merida. The name Chichen-Itza is a Mayan word: CHI (mouth) CHEN (well) and ITZA (of the Itza tribe). Some believe people were occasionally thrown into the nearby cenote as sacrifices, and those who survived were believed to be seers.
At the entrance to Chichen Itza, there is an informative museum, a dining room, clean restrooms, a few giftshops and vendor stands. If you didn’t bring a hat, it’s a good idea to buy one from one of the vendors outside before you go in. Try to visit Chichen Itza early in the morning or late in the afternoon, as the sun can be punishing at midday. The main attraction is the central pyramid, El Castillo del Serpiente Emplumado, which means “Castle of the Plumed Serpent,” and is pictured at the top. The plumed serpent is a popular deity in various Mesoamerican cultures.
Possibly the best known construction on the site is Kukulcan’s Pyramid. El Castillo (Kukulkan-Quetzalcoatl), a square-based, stepped pyramid that is approximately 75 feet tall. This pyramid was built for astronomical purposes and during the vernal equinox (March 20) and the autumnal equinox (September 21) at about 3 P.M.. the sunlight bathes the western balustrade of the pyramid’s main stairway. This causes seven isosceles triangles to form imitating the body of a serpent 37 yards long that creeps downwards until it joins the huge serpent’s head carved in stone at the bottom of the stairway. Mexican researcher Luis El Arochi calls it “the symbolic descent of Kukulcan” (the feathered serpent), and believes it could have been connected with agricultural rituals. In 1194, Mayapan broke the alliance and subdued Chichen and Uxmal. The city was gradually abandoned.

Evening scenery of chichen itza

The wonderful pictures of chichen itza


Possibly the best known construction on the site is Kukulcan’s Pyramid. El Castillo (Kukulkan-Quetzalcoatl), a square-based, stepped pyramid that is approximately 75 feet tall. This pyramid was built for astronomical purposes and during the vernal equinox (March 20) and the autumnal equinox (September 21) at about 3 P.M.. the sunlight bathes the western balustrade of the pyramid’s main stairway. This causes seven isosceles triangles to form imitating the body of a serpent 37 yards long that creeps downwards until it joins the huge serpent’s head carved in stone at the bottom of the stairway. Mexican researcher Luis El Arochi calls it “the symbolic descent of Kukulcan” (the feathered serpent), and believes it could have been connected with agricultural rituals. In 1194, Mayapan broke the alliance and subdued Chichen and Uxmal. The city was gradually abandoned.

Afternoon scenery of chichen itza

It is one of the most 7wonders of all the world

The chichen itza is the most 7wonders of all the world

Possibly the best known construction on the site is Kukulcan’s Pyramid. El Castillo (Kukulkan-Quetzalcoatl), a square-based, stepped pyramid that is approximately 75 feet tall. This pyramid was built for astronomical purposes and during the vernal equinox (March 20) and the autumnal equinox (September 21) at about 3 P.M.. the sunlight bathes the western balustrade of the pyramid’s main stairway.

Chichen Itza is the excellent scenery of all the world

Chichen Itza is the greatest scenery of all the world

The excellent pictures of chichen itza


Try to visit Chichen Itza early in the morning or late in the afternoon, as the sun can be punishing at midday. The main attraction is the central pyramid, El Castillo del Serpiente Emplumado, which means “Castle of the Plumed Serpent,” and is pictured at the top. The plumed serpent is a popular deity in various Mesoamerican cultures.

The beautiful pictures of chichen itza


This causes seven isosceles triangles to form imitating the body of a serpent 37 yards long that creeps downwards until it joins the huge serpent’s head carved in stone at the bottom of the stairway. Mexican researcher Luis El Arochi calls it “the symbolic descent of Kukulcan” (the feathered serpent), and believes it could have been connected with agricultural rituals. In 1194, Mayapan broke the alliance and subdued Chichen and Uxmal. The city was gradually abandoned.

The main attraction is the central pyramid


Possibly the best known construction on the site is Kukulcan’s Pyramid. El Castillo (Kukulkan-Quetzalcoatl), a square-based, stepped pyramid that is approximately 75 feet tall. This pyramid was built for astronomical purposes and during the vernal equinox (March 20) and the autumnal equinox (September 21) at about 3 P.M.. the sunlight bathes the western balustrade of the pyramid’s main stairway. This causes seven isosceles triangles to form imitating the body of a serpent 37 yards long that creeps downwards until it joins the huge serpent’s head carved in stone at the bottom of the stairway. Mexican researcher Luis El Arochi calls it “the symbolic descent of Kukulcan” (the feathered serpent), and believes it could have been connected with agricultural rituals. In 1194, Mayapan broke the alliance and subdued Chichen and Uxmal. The city was gradually abandoned.

The entrance to Chichen Itza


At the entrance to Chichen Itza, there is an informative museum, a dining room, clean restrooms, a few giftshops and vendor stands. If you didn’t bring a hat, it’s a good idea to buy one from one of the vendors outside before you go in. Try to visit Chichen Itza early in the morning or late in the afternoon, as the sun can be punishing at midday. The main attraction is the central pyramid, El Castillo del Serpiente Emplumado, which means “Castle of the Plumed Serpent,” and is pictured at the top. The plumed serpent is a popular deity in various Mesoamerican cultures.

The famous Mayan pyramids of Chichen-Itza


The famous Mayan pyramids of Chichen-Itza are over 1500 years old and are located only 75 miles from Merida. The name Chichen-Itza is a Mayan word: CHI (mouth) CHEN (well) and ITZA (of the Itza tribe). Some believe people were occasionally thrown into the nearby cenote as sacrifices, and those who survived were believed to be seers.
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